PA4. The time of architecture

THE ORIGINS: the houses arose from the need to take shelter and keep the fire.

NEOLITHIC: Agriculture and grazing of animals (cattle) became widespread, giving rise to agrarian societies.

ANCIENT EGYPT (3100 B.C.): The architecture of Ancient Egypt is characterized by the creation of a linteled construction system in its monumental buildings, with the use of ashlars carved into large blocks, and solid columns.

ANCIENT GREECE 1200-146 B.C: The typical building of Greek architecture was generally a cube or a rectangle of limestone cut into large blocks and decorated.

ACHAEMENID ARCHITECTURE 550 B.C.: based on the construction of spectacular cities used for government and housing of citizens.

ROME REPUBLIC AND FIRST EMPIRE 1.100 B.C.: the Etruscans imitated the Greek and Phoenician traditions, built the first works and turned Rome into a city.

SACRED CHINA 507-960 A.C.: Ancient Chinese architecture had its own principles of structure and design, the house was not supported by a single wall.

JAPÓN 300-974: dominated by chinese and asian techniques and styles.

PRE-COLUMBIAN CENTRAL AMERICA 200-1100 A.C.: The mayas, aztecs and incas, but there were also the olmecs, zapotecs, teotihuacans, toltecs, moches and nazca established their own standards and construction styles.

Pirámide de la Serpiente Emplumada 150-200

LATE ROMAN EMPIRE 193-327: Roman architecture developed new techniques such as arches and vaults, surpassing the basic Greek concept.

FIRST BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE 313-1050: Roman architecture developed new techniques such as arches and vaults, surpassing the basic Greek concept.

FIRST ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE 622-1258: it is influenced by the energy of a new religion. It is a warlike, masculine architecture that demands submission; the most important mosques reflect a militaristic zeal.

SACRED INDIA 954-1260: understood as a sacred way of expression, it gives material form to a religious concept while aspiring to transcend that form.

CALIPHATES AND CATHEDRALS 969-1532: build the most representative buildings of andalusian power.

INDO-ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE 977-1707: characterized by large buildings crowned by large domes, and extensive use of arches.

Mausoleo-santuario de Rukn-i-Alam 1320-1324

ROMANESQUE 1010-1192: characterized by the grandeur of its cathedrals, monasteries and castles.

Iglesia de San Miguel de Hildesheim 1010-1031

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 1135-1356: marked by the verticality, both in the towers and in the very high naves, allowed by the pointed arches and the ribbed vaults, whose weight was displaced by the buttresses to external buttresses, lightening the walls, which host an increasing multiplicity of side chapels.

LATE GOTHIC 1401-1509: Gothic architecture lost its basic role as a unifying force for the arts and became less of a protagonist.

Catedral de Santa María del Fiore 1296-1436

RENAISSANCE 1402-1605: incorporation of perspective as an instrument of the architectural project and the notion of design as a form of knowledge.

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE 1417-1911: numerous structural and decorative elements.

PRE-COMBINATIONAL LATIN AMERICA 1430-1911: They stood out for the construction of great temples, palaces and fortresses.

HIGH RENAISSANCE 1480-1527: denotes the height of the visual arts in the Italian Renaissance.

Villa Medici en Poggio a Caiano 1485-1590

BAROQUE 1568-1737: aims to give its structures compositional dynamism, instead of the restful Renaissance character.

Iglesia de San Carlos en las Cuatro Fuentes 1634-1677

EL ROCOCÓ 1702-1756: reaction against the grandeur, symmetry and strict regulations of the Baroque.

GREGORIAN ARCHITECTURE 1714-1838: represents the return of classical forms.

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 1727-1944: industrial gothic style.

NEOCLASSICIST 1745-1858: Neoclassicist: reproduces the forms generated by the Greeks and the Romans, suppresses any reference to body measurements, preferring the new metric system adopted by the French and favoring monumentality.

NEO-GOTHIC 1764-1878: highly decorative domestic architecture.

BEAUX ARTS ARCHITECTURE 1795-1975: reference to the classical academic architectural style.

ARTS AND CRAFTS 1880-1936: Built of natural materials.

ART NOVEAU INTERNATIONAL 1889-1914: international style of artfocused on the decorative arts.

COLONIAL STYLE ARCHITECTURE 1892-1947: is adapted to modern materials and a very pleasant and functional neocolonial style is achieved.

ART DÉCO 1913-1939: focused on applied decoration and beautification of buildings with hard edge and low relief designs, as well as geometric shapes such as chevrons and ziggurats.

EXPRESIONISMO 1914-1939: early modernist adoption of novel materials, formal innovation and a very unusual concentration, sometimes inspired by natural biomorphic forms.

EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURE 1914-1938: early modernist adoption of novel materials, formal innovation and a very unusual concentration, sometimes inspired by natural biomorphic forms.

TROPICAL MODERNISM 1931-1978: exotic and futuristic.

REGIONALIST ARCHITECTURE 1950-2013: uses elements and architectural models from the past.

NEW ORGANICISM 1951-1991: aesthetic and organizational principle.

LATE INTERNATIONAL STYLE 1952-1978: rectilinear forms; light, taut plane surfaces that have been completely stripped of applied ornamentation and decoration; open interior spaces.

BRUTALISM 1952-1982: inspired by the work of Swiss architect Le Corbusier.

NEO RACIONALISMO: Opposed to the dogmas of International Modernism and to the prevalent tendency to treat architecture only as a commodity.

Unidad residencial Olivetti (Talponia) 1971

MODERNIDAD PARALEL 1955-1982: It was conceived by local planning offices in each republic and executed to the standardizations of the construction industry.

STRUCTURALISM 1959-2012: Various movements and directions.

HIGH TECH 1960-2013: works where industrialized materials prevail, particularly used in roofs, floors and walls.

TECHNICAL MODERNITY 1964-2011: combines innovative construction ideas with materials that meet the demands of housing.

POSTMODERNISM 1966-2009: return of «the ingenuity, the ornament and the reference» of architecture, in response to the formalism caused by the International Style of the modern movement.